Gharar in Islamic Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Gharar in Islamic Law - Assignment Example Another major contribution of the Islamic banks is that being under supervision of their Shariah Boards they presented a wide range of questions concerning modern business to Shariah Scholars, hence, providing them an opportunity to understand the contemporary business practice and trade but also to evaluate it in the light of Shariah and to find out other alternatives which may be acceptable according to the Islamic principles (Vogel and Samuel, 1998). Islamic Laws Islam is a complete code of life and encompasses everything in life. It influences families as much as international relations and certainly includes all financial matters. It sources are the Quran and the Sunnah and the consensus of the opinion of the great jurists and interpreters of Islamic Law. If none of cited provide guidance on a particular matter then there is qiyas or analogy by which jurists and scholars compare an issue of today with a similar one described in the Quran or Sunnah and draw conclusions from the p rinciples involved (Usmani, 2001). In all mattes of finance, the essence of Islamic law is perhaps based on a verse from the Quran that says â€Å"Do not usurp one another’ possessions†. The object of Islamic finance is to eliminate injustice and exploitation in financial dealings and to create an equitable distribution of wealth by encouraging effort and mutual co operation. It is believed that this, in turn, will increase productivity and goodwill, alleviate economic hostility and inspire all the members of a society with a feeling of having common economic goals (Al-Qardawi, 2001). However, because the law is derived from writings that predate modern life, the interpretations can be difficult. In the finance sector, banks appoint Shariah boards to consider transactions that the bank wishes to engage in and decide whether they meet the Shariah requirements. However, boards in different banks may often come to different conclusions (Obaidullah, 2005). Almost all trans actions entered into by banks are based on legal contracts that conform to local law (or in many cases, English Law) and often add Shariah compliance as an additional requirement. This has not proven to be an easy legal basis for business, although only a few cases have come to the courts, the courts have ruled that only one law can be applied (Ghafoor, 1995). London Rulings Two cases are worth studying a) Islamic Investment Company of Gulf Ltd v Symphony Gems & others (London High Court 13.02.02) b) Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd & others v Shamil Bank of Bahrain EC (Royal Courts of Justice, London 11 & 12 December, 2003) In the later case, the banking expert on Islamic Law and former director, Center of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law on the invitation of the court gave following observations (Usmani, 2001): The precise scope and content of Islamic Law in general, and Islamic banking in particular are marked by a degree of controversy within Islamic world, best exemplified by the fact that the actual practice of Islamic banking differs widely within the Islamic world (Usmani, 2001). In the absence of any agreement on the boundaries of Islamic Banking or indeed on what ought to be the precise ingredients of a Morabaha agreement, it is in practice up to the individual banks to determine the issue. In the absence of any legal prescription as to what does and what does not constitute Islamic banking or finance, most Islamic banks, including those in Bahrain, seek the advice of Islamic Scholars who examine and approve

Michael Moore Capitailism a Love Story Review Essay Example for Free

Michael Moore Capitailism a Love Story Review Essay The film Capitalism: A Love Story is a documentary by Michael Moore which outlines the negative effects capitalism has on modern society. Moore points out that capitalism gives people the opportunity to make a lot of money and to have a high standard of living. However, for many workers, making an income to support a family can be quite impossible. At one time, you could find a secure job and live a good life, but capitalism has evolved into a system of greed where only the rich get richer, and the middle class get poorer with no chance to better themselves. This review will analyze the positive and negative impacts of capitalism shown in the film, as well as provide my comments as to why I enjoyed the film. Capitalism gives us the freedom to do what we want and to make what we want of ourselves. It gives one the opportunity to work as much or as little as one wants, and to have the ability to make more money than others. At one time, if you worked hard, you could make a lot of money, and you could purchase a house, cars and many material possessions for yourself and your family. One could argue that even today, with a good education and a secure job, one could enjoy the benefits of a good life. Thus, corporations provided jobs, infrastructure and security for its employees and subcontractors. However, corporations have evolved and will continue to evolve. In some cases, modern companies have evolved positively where they can profit and, at the same time, treat all employees including CEOs fairly. Some such businesses are run democratically by all the workers, who also own the company, because they have an equal say and vote in the running of the operation. These worker-owned companies, such as the bread company in California, provide a good income for all their workers. The employees share equally in the profits, and profit sharing is not dependent on the position one holds. One owner commented that the more hours one works toward the benefit of the company, the more one shares in the profit. Detrimentally, many corporations have evolved negatively where the CEOs are only concerned about filling their own personal pockets with increasing profits and not caring at all about the well-being of their employees. Michael Moore eagerly points out the negative impacts capitalism has on society. Capitalism no longer provides people with the long-term sustainability needed to support themselves and their families. A good example of this is when Moore speaks out about his hometown of Flint, Michigan, and the GM plant where most of the citizens worked. When the automotive company shut down, the workers lost their jobs, and they had nowhere to turn for money. Moore alluded the reason the plant shut down was for the CEOs’ benefit because they were trying to make more profit, while not giving a second thought for the welfare of the people of Flint. As a result, many families lost their homes, and Flint became an abandoned city. Capitalism does not care about the average person because it is a system where corporations compete for higher profits and more benefits for the rich CEOs. If the GM plant in Flint was planning to close, and there was any regard for its employees, why was there no effort made to retrain employees with skills needed for other jobs so that they could continue to support their families and debts? In fact, CEOs of large corporations lobby and influence government policies to permit special tax cuts and bonuses allowing corporate officials to make more money, and in return, greedy government officials also benefit by receiving corporate favours and benefits. Thus, Wall Street and government officials help fill each other’s bank accounts.

Effective Approaches to Prevent Teen Pregnancy Essay -- essays researc

Effective approaches to prevent teen pregnancy After reading numerous articles and abstracts in regards to the ever so intriguing topic of teen pregnancy, I’ve come to a conclusion which is a little different than I had expected. Before reading any of the literature on teen pregnancy, I was under the assumption that the sex education classes provided in school were an extremely effective weapon against unwanted teenage pregnancies. Of the literature references that I’ve used and those of which I have haven’t chosen to extrapolate on, many have reported results based on random surveys while others have conducted quantifiable research to reach their findings. In an article by Dryfoos J in the Planned Parenthood Review, Dryfoos mentions some methods that have been proven to slightly impact the teenage pregnancy issue. The article, â€Å"Preventing teen pregnancy: what works,† the author tells us of what’s necessary for any program designed to prevent teen pregnancy to be effective. He states â€Å"To avoid unintended pregnancy among young persons, two conditions must be met: they must have the capacity and a reason to want to control their fertility.† This means that a teenager must have a reason to prevent herself from becoming pregnant as well as the means to do so. There are programs currently in place which help to provide a means to an end to this problem. They include family life education and birth control services. Programs which assist in providing a reason to not get pregnant include quality of life programs and expanding opportunities programs. Based on studies performed, two trends are emerging. These studi es indicate that sex education can enhance knowledge but little evidence shows that these school based sex education programs have sexual activity or contraception use. Also, evaluations on the method of problem-solving have shown a reduced amount of risk-taking behavior as well as increase in the use of contraceptives for sexually active teenagers. Another article that I chose was the Journal of Adolescent Health by K. A. Hacker, Y. Amare, N. Strunk, and L. Horst entitled â€Å"Listening to youth: teen perspectives on pregnancy prevention.† This article gives statistical evidence of a teen’s perspective on pregnancy prevention. This article gives us a very convincing detailed analysis of their survey including percentages of students who felt a particular wa... ..., as I have discussed before – what is being taught to students is not the reality of the topic, but a non-controversial â€Å"G† rated version of the dangers of early sexual activity. I believe that neither of the two solutions will work without the other. Parents must speak to their children regardless of how awkward it may feel in addition to better and more informative education on the sexuality and its repercussions. Bibliography Dryfoos J. â€Å"Preventing teen pregnancy: what works.† Planned Parenthood Review, October,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2002, pp. 6-7. Hacker, Karen A; Amare, Yared; Strunk, Nancy; Horst, Leslie. â€Å"Listening to Youth: â€Å"Teen   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Perspectives on Pregnancy Prevention.† Journal of Adolescent Health, April, 2000,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  pp.279-288. Somers, Cheryl L.; Fahlman, Mariane M. â€Å"Effectiveness of the 'Baby Think It Over' Teen   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pregnancy Prevention Program.† Journal of School Health, May, 2001, Vol. 71 Issue 5,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  p188, 9p. Wood, B. Daniel. â€Å"Teens, sex, and power of parents.† The Christian Science Publishing Society,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  September, 2002.

Essay --

CPR is (cardiopulmonary resuscitation). This procedure is used to restore blood circulation and breathing in a person who is in cardiac arrest. All the cells in a human body require oxygen to survive, they also require a good supply of nutrients and removal of all waste products. In your lungs oxygen enters your blood and carbon dioxide is removed, this process is called gas exchange. Cardiac arrest is when your heart completely stops beating. Although your heart stops, this is not the same as a heart attack . a heart attack may lead to cardiac arrest. There are many causes that can put you in a state of cardiac arrest like, drugs, poising and over – dosing on medications, traumatic injury such as a motor vehicle accidents of any kind or any significant amount of blood loss and also anaphylaxis (and allergic reaction to anything) can also lead to cardiac arrest. If any of these happen blood will stop circulating throughout the body. Breathing begins to decrease most of the tim e you stop breathing for several minutes. The purpose of CPR is to keep oxygen in the blood so it can continue to flow, throughout the body to keep the vital organs alive. CPR will not restart someone’s heart, it just keeps the blood flow circulating until official help arrives , once you come across someone that isn’t breathing you should first see if the scene is clear before you go to help the person( always remember DR ABC always make sure you are not in any DANGER check for a RESPONSE from the person you’re doing CPR on shake them gently . make sure the AIRWAY is clear by kneeling by the persons head and tilting there head backwards . check if the person is BREATHING by placing your ear above their mouth and looking at their chest for normal breathin... ...e on a life jacket, and that it’s on correctly. †¢ Make sure they don’t swim alone or in bad weather. †¢ Teach your kids how to swim , doggy paddle ETC If your child gets stung by some type of insect make sure you identify were the insect bit them at and also try not to let your child scratch the bite as much because it can cause irritation and can make the bite area even larger if you need to , too prevent insect bites use lights that help keep the bugs away , you can also use skin repellant to keep the bugs away also make sure when you eat things like watermelon or anything sweet make sure you are in your house were bugs can get to it , because food and sweet things attract bugs , another thing that attracts bugs is sweet smelling perfume , lotions , colognes lip balms attract bugs , so make sure you try to avoid those things during the spring and summer season.

Strategic Plan, Part II: SWOTT Analysis

Applying the SHOOT to Pewter's Accounting Services will help identify economic, legal, regulatory forces that affect business. This analysis will not only allow the business to Identify strength but weaknesses In Its Industry. Understanding the weaknesses of the industry will also allow to strategies for different opportunities.By identifying threats and trends we can make bold predictions to take advantage of opportunities and changes before they come to fruition. We will be Identifying seven different forces and trends that affect business. Economic Economic trends play a major role in all businesses. This is a major factor that an accounting services business will have to force to make predictions and adjustments. Based on trends the company may anticipate hiring more or less employees. A positive strength for Peters Accounting Services is that regardless of a good or bad economic year individuals still have to file state and federal taxes.Business will still ay quarterly taxes an d need help with bookkeeping as well as annual filing of taxes for the state and federal government as well. Threats of a poor economy can tend to not impact this industry too much because it is a constant need. An opportunity for this business lies during an economic upswing new businesses are being created meaning the need for an accounting services will be used frequently. Being able to offer year round services will help fight the Idea of seasonal work that tax prepares and consultants have to compete with.Legal and Regulatory In order to be a reputable company the Pewter's Accounting Services should be quipped with Certified Public Accountants. A CPA is an Individual who has taken the time to take a series of four rigorous exams that have to be completed in an 18- month period (CPA Review, 2013). Accountants can don't have to be Spa's but there is an extra allure and makes your information reputable compared to the latter. Accountants are required to take 20 hours of continued education, which Is also referred to as CE credits this allows them to stay updated on new laws and regulations for the upcoming year (CPA Review, 2013).Despite the requirement this is not enough time for an individual to gather and retain much of the information. A lot of time and hours with the organization will need to be dedicated to ensure that all individuals aiding in filing taxes is up to date. Supply Chain and Technology Pewter's Accounting Services will have to take advantage of new technology available to a mass market. This external factor can be seen as both a strength and weakness. There is one major factor that gains an accounting services business.During tax 1 OFF referrals and networking efforts throughout the year. During this time the company can impress new clients and existing clients by providing the newest or most efficient accounting software to help the customers file their taxes electronically. The accounting services will also provide its customers access remotely via a secured online site providing the clients access to their financial information from anywhere in the world. This can provide issues of security because we are dealing with sensitive information that can be used in a malicious fashion if intercepted.Adjusting to Change and Competitive analysis Pewter's Accounting Services will have its headquarters in the San Fernando Valley. A quick yelp search of accountants near the North Hollywood area provides a list of 109 efferent companies that offer accounting services (Yelp, 2014). The last census of North Hollywood estimated that there was over 160 thousand residence, which has only grown in the last 10 years. Despite the large number of competition in the area there are plenty of clients to go around especially when there are new adults entering the workforce every year. Working on referrals will be our strength.Individuals and business owner tend to refer a good CPA when possible. Seasonal business can be lost to conglomer ates like H & R Block who specialize in short form tax solutions at high prices. They however have big advertisement dollars that will need us to think outside the box to get business. They prepare taxes for 1 in every 7 filed returns in the United States (H & R Block, 2013). This leads to staying competitive not necessarily with H & R Block but with other single owner or partnership offices and that is by having our tax prepares go through the training provided by H & R Block.This will give us up to date technician and trends with the industry while also allowing us to make modifications to our own strategies. Strategy Internal factors will include a structured strategy for the company. The strength of strategy will be more control of day-to-day operations. The beginning phase will be consist of building a clientele base by Joining the Los Angels Latino Chamber of Commerce along with other organizations in the area. This will help build the reputation for the firm. Keeping the staf f small will be a must to keep overhead low.Location will not be cheap but will be a necessary evil when trying to attract walk in business. Pricing will be key as well. The company cannot price too low or too high. The companies' long-term plan is to also higher licensed representatives that can give financial advice as well. This phase of the strategy will help earn more trust in the community as well as build market share by reinvesting customers tax returns and also offering tax right off by setting up individual retirement accounts. Processes & systems In order to retain and increase the customer base follow up process need to be in place.Email's, Addresses, and phone number records need to be maintained and scrubbed before outbound calls are made according to the telephone consumer protection act if we are making sales calls (FCC, 2014). Most of our outbound calls will are that will be adopted by the company to standout from other companies. Our systems will also have reminder s and will also send out emails periodically to give our customers industry updates. The systems for internal control will all need password verifications to view customer data.Accessing of this data will ensure that we can keep customer information safe to help fight identity theft. Goals Accounting is a very stable form of earning a living. The goal for Pewter's Accounting Service is to become a leader in the community. Surviving the first couple of years will not be easy, but consistency pays off in the end. Visibility will be important as individuals flock towards others that make a difference and are accessible. Despite the treat of losing customers it is inevitable to suffer attrition, but staying ahead of market trends will be required to avoid huge dips in production.Branching out to being more than Just a seasonal service will also be key. Hiring Spa's and accountants that can assist with other daily activities like payroll, bookkeeping, and advising will help bring in inco me year round. Conclusion The SHOOT analysis assisted in identifying key objectives and obstacles that a new business can face, but over come. The art of planning cannot be understated as we deiced there is internal and external factors that impact business. Perception of the world around the business is a key component of this analysis. Strategic Plan, Part II: SWOTT Analysis Applying the SHOOT to Pewter's Accounting Services will help identify economic, legal, regulatory forces that affect business. This analysis will not only allow the business to Identify strength but weaknesses In Its Industry. Understanding the weaknesses of the industry will also allow to strategies for different opportunities.By identifying threats and trends we can make bold predictions to take advantage of opportunities and changes before they come to fruition. We will be Identifying seven different forces and trends that affect business. Economic Economic trends play a major role in all businesses. This is a major factor that an accounting services business will have to force to make predictions and adjustments. Based on trends the company may anticipate hiring more or less employees. A positive strength for Peters Accounting Services is that regardless of a good or bad economic year individuals still have to file state and federal taxes.Business will still ay quarterly taxes an d need help with bookkeeping as well as annual filing of taxes for the state and federal government as well. Threats of a poor economy can tend to not impact this industry too much because it is a constant need. An opportunity for this business lies during an economic upswing new businesses are being created meaning the need for an accounting services will be used frequently. Being able to offer year round services will help fight the Idea of seasonal work that tax prepares and consultants have to compete with.Legal and Regulatory In order to be a reputable company the Pewter's Accounting Services should be quipped with Certified Public Accountants. A CPA is an Individual who has taken the time to take a series of four rigorous exams that have to be completed in an 18- month period (CPA Review, 2013). Accountants can don't have to be Spa's but there is an extra allure and makes your information reputable compared to the latter. Accountants are required to take 20 hours of continued education, which Is also referred to as CE credits this allows them to stay updated on new laws and regulations for the upcoming year (CPA Review, 2013).Despite the requirement this is not enough time for an individual to gather and retain much of the information. A lot of time and hours with the organization will need to be dedicated to ensure that all individuals aiding in filing taxes is up to date. Supply Chain and Technology Pewter's Accounting Services will have to take advantage of new technology available to a mass market. This external factor can be seen as both a strength and weakness. There is one major factor that gains an accounting services business.During tax 1 OFF referrals and networking efforts throughout the year. During this time the company can impress new clients and existing clients by providing the newest or most efficient accounting software to help the customers file their taxes electronically. The accounting services will also provide its customers access remotely via a secured online site providing the clients access to their financial information from anywhere in the world. This can provide issues of security because we are dealing with sensitive information that can be used in a malicious fashion if intercepted.Adjusting to Change and Competitive analysis Pewter's Accounting Services will have its headquarters in the San Fernando Valley. A quick yelp search of accountants near the North Hollywood area provides a list of 109 efferent companies that offer accounting services (Yelp, 2014). The last census of North Hollywood estimated that there was over 160 thousand residence, which has only grown in the last 10 years. Despite the large number of competition in the area there are plenty of clients to go around especially when there are new adults entering the workforce every year. Working on referrals will be our strength.Individuals and business owner tend to refer a good CPA when possible. Seasonal business can be lost to conglomer ates like H & R Block who specialize in short form tax solutions at high prices. They however have big advertisement dollars that will need us to think outside the box to get business. They prepare taxes for 1 in every 7 filed returns in the United States (H & R Block, 2013). This leads to staying competitive not necessarily with H & R Block but with other single owner or partnership offices and that is by having our tax prepares go through the training provided by H & R Block.This will give us up to date technician and trends with the industry while also allowing us to make modifications to our own strategies. Strategy Internal factors will include a structured strategy for the company. The strength of strategy will be more control of day-to-day operations. The beginning phase will be consist of building a clientele base by Joining the Los Angels Latino Chamber of Commerce along with other organizations in the area. This will help build the reputation for the firm. Keeping the staf f small will be a must to keep overhead low.Location will not be cheap but will be a necessary evil when trying to attract walk in business. Pricing will be key as well. The company cannot price too low or too high. The companies' long-term plan is to also higher licensed representatives that can give financial advice as well. This phase of the strategy will help earn more trust in the community as well as build market share by reinvesting customers tax returns and also offering tax right off by setting up individual retirement accounts. Processes & systems In order to retain and increase the customer base follow up process need to be in place.Email's, Addresses, and phone number records need to be maintained and scrubbed before outbound calls are made according to the telephone consumer protection act if we are making sales calls (FCC, 2014). Most of our outbound calls will are that will be adopted by the company to standout from other companies. Our systems will also have reminder s and will also send out emails periodically to give our customers industry updates. The systems for internal control will all need password verifications to view customer data.Accessing of this data will ensure that we can keep customer information safe to help fight identity theft. Goals Accounting is a very stable form of earning a living. The goal for Pewter's Accounting Service is to become a leader in the community. Surviving the first couple of years will not be easy, but consistency pays off in the end. Visibility will be important as individuals flock towards others that make a difference and are accessible. Despite the treat of losing customers it is inevitable to suffer attrition, but staying ahead of market trends will be required to avoid huge dips in production.Branching out to being more than Just a seasonal service will also be key. Hiring Spa's and accountants that can assist with other daily activities like payroll, bookkeeping, and advising will help bring in inco me year round. Conclusion The SHOOT analysis assisted in identifying key objectives and obstacles that a new business can face, but over come. The art of planning cannot be understated as we deiced there is internal and external factors that impact business. Perception of the world around the business is a key component of this analysis.

Own Informatione Products Essays - Publishing, Typesetting

Own Informatione Products Essays - Publishing, Typesetting Own Informatione Products CREATE YOUR OWN INFORMATION PRODUCTS! Millions and millions of full sized books and small booklets are sold each year. Most are produced by the large publishing houses. However, there are also several million books sold every year by small, unassuming, one-person publishing companies. Many of these one-person publishers operate from a home-based office. And, surprisingly, some home-based publishers earn excellent incomes. (What's more, some are even becoming very rich.) In this report you'll learn how to succeed as a home-based publisher, producing books, booklets, reports and manuals on nearly every subject imaginable. And, if you have no desire to write your own material, you'll learn how to get authors to write for you. Many authors have chosen to by-pass the usual publishing routes and, instead, self-publish their own books. Admittedly, this requires more work, but it could also mean more profits. There are many reasons authors decide to self-publish, including: 1. It's very difficult to get a manuscript accepted by the giant publishing houses, unless you are a personality in some field, or are already a successful author. 2. Often, the large publishing companies will want to edit a manuscript in such a manner that is unacceptable to the author. 3. Often, the author can market his own book more effectively than a large publisher will. This is especially true if the material is of a non- fiction or of how-to nature. 4. Self publishing allows the author to keep all of the profits. 5. There is plenty of opportunity for the author/self- publisher to set up other profit center products that are related to the topic of the book. So, as you can see, there are many compelling reasons why thousands of authors have chosen to self-publish. Also, the availability of low cost microcomputers have made self-publishing much easier than in past years. This report will give you a step- by- step approach to self-publishing your own book. Note: this report is not about writing. It is assumed that you will write your own booklets, or hire a ghostwriter to do the job for you. So the following information will focus only on the steps you need to take to succeed (make money) as a self- publisher. HOW IT WORKS AND HOW TO DO IT STEP-BY-STEP (1) Generate book ideas and proposals, either your own or by hiring authors/ghostwriters. (2) Evaluate these ideas and proposals as to the feasibility of producing a valued book, and reaching a large group of prospective customers. (3) Evaluate the size of the market and determine how you'll reach that market. Also, research any competitive books. (4) Consider various related products that you could sell to the people who buy your book. (5) Write and edit the book, pay royalties to an author, or hire a ghostwriter to do it for you. (6) Produce a camera-ready copy for the printer. (7) Begin your marketing effort by designing ads and brochures. (Often, this step comes before, or during, writing the book. Your sales material can give you something to live up to.) (8) Launch a full scale marketing and publicity campaign. (A full-scale roll-out should follow a test marketing campaign. You want to make certain you have a truly salable product, and should spend little money to test the waters.) (9) Get printing quotes and have the final version of the book ready to print and bind as soon as you're sure there will be sufficient sales to warrant these costs. (10) Sell follow-up products to your customers. All of these steps can be carried out quickly. You could easily have a fast-selling book on the market within 6 months, or less. SELECTING A TOPIC The best, and easiest, subjects for self-publishers to produce are of the how to genre. Books, reports and manuals that tell readers how to do something are among the liveliest sellers. It's very difficult for a small publisher to be successful with novels, or poetry books. So this report will focus on how to books. However, you can apply many of the techniques discussed here to market other kinds of books as well. To begin, you should publish material on topics which you are most familiar. You should also have a market targeted and a plan for reaching that market. Example: you may have in mind to produce a book about how to make money with crafts to be sold in small craft shops, craft fairs, craft magazines and through direct mail to people who make craft items. It's not necessary for you to be an expert on a topic if you aren't writing the book yourself. But you do need to be knowledgeable enough to evaluate the book proposals that

Free Essays on Gérard, François

Gà ©rard, Franà §ois 1. Life and work. He spent most of his childhood in Rome. His talent as an artist revealed itself early and during this period he acquired a love of Italian painting and music, which he never lost. In 1782 his family returned to Paris, where, through the connections of his father’s employer Louis-Auguste le Tonnelier, Baron de Breteuil, Minister of the King’s Household, Gà ©rard was admitted to the Pension du Roi, a small teaching establishment for young artists which had been founded by the Marquis de Marigny. After 18 months he entered the studio of the sculptor Augustin Pajou, where he remained for two years, before transferring to that of the painter Nicolas-Guy Brenet. He became a pupil of David in 1786 and quickly found special favour with his master. In 1789 Gà ©rard competed for the Prix de Rome and his entry, Joseph Revealing himself to his Brethren (Angers, Mus. B.-A.), was placed second; the winner was Girodet. He did not submit in 1790, being preoccupied with his father’s illness and death- after which he returned to Italy with his mother and two younger brothers. Back in Paris by mid-1791 he became David’s assistant in the painting of the Death of Le Pelletier de Saint Fargeau (destr.) in 1793 and the following year won first prize in the National Convention’s competition on the theme of its historic session of 10th of August 1792 (prize drawing, Paris, Louvre; unfinished canvas, London, priv. col.). Although the project lapsed, his success secured him lodgings and a studio in the Louvre. The design was much praised by David- its composition was inspired by his own Oath of the Jeu de Paume (never completed) and through his influence Gà ©rard was spared military service, though only at the cost of sitt ing on the Revolutionary Tribunal. (He avoided most, if not all, of its sanguinary sessions by feigning illness.) On the death of his mother in 1793, Gà ©rard married her sister and assumed respon... Free Essays on Gà ©rard, Franà §ois Free Essays on Gà ©rard, Franà §ois Gà ©rard, Franà §ois 1. Life and work. He spent most of his childhood in Rome. His talent as an artist revealed itself early and during this period he acquired a love of Italian painting and music, which he never lost. In 1782 his family returned to Paris, where, through the connections of his father’s employer Louis-Auguste le Tonnelier, Baron de Breteuil, Minister of the King’s Household, Gà ©rard was admitted to the Pension du Roi, a small teaching establishment for young artists which had been founded by the Marquis de Marigny. After 18 months he entered the studio of the sculptor Augustin Pajou, where he remained for two years, before transferring to that of the painter Nicolas-Guy Brenet. He became a pupil of David in 1786 and quickly found special favour with his master. In 1789 Gà ©rard competed for the Prix de Rome and his entry, Joseph Revealing himself to his Brethren (Angers, Mus. B.-A.), was placed second; the winner was Girodet. He did not submit in 1790, being preoccupied with his father’s illness and death- after which he returned to Italy with his mother and two younger brothers. Back in Paris by mid-1791 he became David’s assistant in the painting of the Death of Le Pelletier de Saint Fargeau (destr.) in 1793 and the following year won first prize in the National Convention’s competition on the theme of its historic session of 10th of August 1792 (prize drawing, Paris, Louvre; unfinished canvas, London, priv. col.). Although the project lapsed, his success secured him lodgings and a studio in the Louvre. The design was much praised by David- its composition was inspired by his own Oath of the Jeu de Paume (never completed) and through his influence Gà ©rard was spared military service, though only at the cost of sitt ing on the Revolutionary Tribunal. (He avoided most, if not all, of its sanguinary sessions by feigning illness.) On the death of his mother in 1793, Gà ©rard married her sister and assumed respon...

Conjugate the French Verb Accueillir (to Welcome)

Conjugate the French Verb Accueillir (to Welcome) As you are learning to speak French, you will find that you need to learn how to conjugate many verbs. The verb  accueillir  means to welcome. This is one of the irregular verbs that is a little more difficult to remember, but with practice, you should have no problems.   Conjugating the French Verb  Accueillir Why do we have to conjugate verbs in French? Put simply, to conjugate simply means to match the verb form to the subject you are speaking about. We do so in English as well, though not to such extremes as languages such as French. For instance, we use a different form of  accueillir  when speaking about ourselves. I welcome becomes jaccueille in French. Likewise, we welcome becomes nous accueillons. Its actually quite simple. However, the problem with irregular verbs like  accueillir  is that there is no defined pattern. This is a rare exception to the French grammar rules for verbs ending in -ir. This means that you need to memorize each conjugation rather than rely on patterns and rules. Dont worry, though. With a little study, you  will  find that there is some pattern to this verb and will be using it to form proper sentences before you know it. This chart shows all of the forms of  accueillir  in present, future, imperfect, and present participle tense. Subject Present Future Imperfect j accueille accueillerai accueillais tu accueilles accueilleras accueillais il accueille accueillera accueillait nous accueillons accueillerons accueillions vous accueillez accueillerez accueilliez ils accueillent accueilleront accueillaient The Present Participle of  Accuellir The  present participle  of  accueillir  is  accueillant. It can be used as a verb or as an adjective, gerund, or noun, depending on the circumstance. Accueillir  in Past Tense You may have noticed that the imperfect is the only past tense of  accueillir  in the chart. In many cases, we can simply use the  passà © composà ©Ã‚  to express a phrase such as I welcomed. There are two elements that need to be added in order to do so. One is the  auxiliary verb, which is always either  Ãƒ ªtre  or  avoir.  For  accueillir, we use  avoir.  The second element is the  past participle  of the verb, which in this case is  accueilli.  This is used no matter the subject. Putting all of this together, to say I welcomed in French, it would be jai accueilli. To say we welcomed, you would say nous avons accueilli. In these cases, ai and avons are conjugates of the verb  avoir. More Conjugations for  Accueillir There are more conjugations for  accueillir  that you may use in some instances, though your focus should be on those above. The subjunctive verb mood is used when something is uncertain. The conditional verb mood is used when the action is dependent on certain conditions. Both the passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive are used in formal writing. While you may never use these especially the last two in the chart it is good to be aware of their existence and when they might be used. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive j accueille accueillerais accueillis accueillisse tu accueilles accueillerais accueillis accueillisses il accueille accueillerait accueillit accueillt nous accueillions accueillerions accueillmes accueillissions vous accueilliez accueilleriez accueilltes accueillissiez ils accueillent accueilleraient accueillirent accueillissent The final form of the verb  accueillir  is the imperative form, which also expresses mood. In this form, you will not use the subject pronoun. Instead, it is implied within the verb itself and you will notice that they have the same endings as the present tense and subjunctive forms. Rather than say tu accueille, you will simply use the word  accueille. Imperative (tu) accueille (nous) accueillons (vous) accueillez Similar Irregular Verbs Just because it is an irregular verb does not mean that  accueillir  is not similar to other verbs. While you are studying to welcome include  cueillir  in your lessons. This verb means to gather or to pick and uses similar endings to those you see above.

Writing Assignment Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Writing Assignment - Article Example Disaster experts have developed better ways of detecting disasters and disseminating information about impending disasters promptly. Weather forecast has made it possible for experts to speculate risk of tornadoes and hurricanes. People should heed this information and act appropriately. Even so, disasters like fires and terrorist attacks strike unexpectedly. Rescorla had indicated his fears about a possible terrorist attack on the Trade Center, and they materialized when Ramzi blasted explosives right at the center’s parking garage. Circumspection may cost us resources, but it is worthwhile (Wiseman 25). Building a strong disaster personality would need exercising the brain. Fear paralyses individuals during disasters and makes people not to be able to act appropriately. Extreme fear will make an individual to stop and wait for help from outside. Had Kent HÃ ¤rstedt let fear take the better of him, he would probably not have lived to tell the story. People should not frown at fire drills. Instead, fire drills should help condition our minds for appropriate reaction in the time of disaster (Lee 18). Many got annoyed at Rescorla’s efforts at training his employees using fire drills. It is not a wonder that many of his employees made it out of the Trade Center safely when 9/11 struck. Amanda has underscored the importance of leadership in situations of disasters. Leadership should help instill discipline so that some are not run over and others do not act selfishly. The Beverly fire is a classic case of the benefit of leadership in a disaster scene. People need to know what section of a disaster scene to go to and which to avoid (Wiseman 25). People should learn to respect the leadership during disaster. Also, people should domesticate leadership at an individual level so as to make it easy for disaster response efforts to work

Best Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Best Workplace - Essay Example Similar to its name, Genentech, the company utilizes genetic human information to come up with the new medicine. This medicine is manufactured and sold to hospitals and other pharmaceuticals to help in the treatment of patients suffering from chronic ailments or medical conditions that generally, threaten an individual’s life. Why did Genentech emerge top six in the hundred? This question rings a bell every time someone visits the Fortune website. However, Genentech manages to emerge top six because of ninety- five percent employee rating in: challenges, atmosphere, rearwards, pride, communication, and bosses. Genentech is a company where workers enjoy team building through parties and similar events that bring all the workers together to celebrate in their success and work hard. This enables the entire staff to feel appreciated and to have increased motivation as well as willingness of working as a team (â€Å"Accel† n.d; â€Å"Fortune† 2014). In support of, George Homan’s theory of exchange, the company uses reward system, as a way of motivating their workers. This is by rewarding the employees with a six-week paid break for every six years an employee works for the company. Such benefits have enabled the employees to take pride in their job and help patients acquire the kind of treatment they deserve. Additionally, the employees are not discriminated because accountability is maintained among all employees. The managers at the company, promotes good communicating among workers where complaints can be voiced and problems solved soon before they advance into a crisis that causes risks in a working place. Patients that have been served by the company’s employees are living proof that the conducive environment provided for the employees is reciprocated by the good services and great commitment offered (â€Å"Fortune† 2014; Inc. staff 2014). Burns & McDonnell is located in Kansas City, founded in the year 1898.

Medical Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Medical Research - Essay Example They do not include seemingly important information such as the brand of vitamins the study subjects were taking, what type and severity of diabetes the mothers of the infants had, and the like. Other than that, it appears that all results were reported. The information is aged, so there is a good chance this study acted to plant a seed in getting women to take nutritional supplements, especially if they had been diagnosed as being diabetic and was pregnant. According to the study, the results concluded that mothers with diabetes had an increased risk of having children with birth defects. This occurred only with those mothers who had failed to take multivitamins while they were pregnant. Those mothers who had diabetes and took multivitamins while they were pregnant did not show an increase for the risk of birth defects. This leads to the conclusion that the use of multivitamins during pregnancy may reduce the chances that a mother with diabetes will give birth to a child with birth defects (Correa, 2003). The conclusion, which is listed as the last sentence in the paragraph above, is appropriate to the results. Furthermore, the conclusion that was reached was supported by the data that was presented in the tables that came along with the research study. A discussion of implications is included near the results section of the study and is larger than the results section itself. The study does not discuss future research, but does refer a lot back to prior research that has been conducted on the topic in past research studies of a similar type (Correa, 2003). There is one point that appears in Table 5 that the authors fail to mention, but that is interesting and worthy of noting. Women without diabetes who took multivitamins during pregnancy had a 120/424 chance of giving birth to a child with birth defects. This is particularly noteworthy since the subjects for the study were selected on the basis of having birth defects, but the control group did not have diabetes while the rest of the mothers did (Correa, 2003). LIMITATIONS The authors do discuss limitations of the trial in the discussion section. They claim that the information regarding the status of diabetes and the taking of multivitamins were taken from the mother's words instead of produced in the study. Therefore, it could not be verified or detailed. This means that, in the study, they could not distinguish between type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes or see if that affected the study outcomes in any way (Correa, 2003). The authors did strongly attempt to give a justification for these limitations. Although limitations may seem purely negative in nature, that is not necessarily the case. They can give great ideas for those who plan on conducting

Organisational Structure, Boundaries and Space Essay

Organisational Structure, Boundaries and Space - Essay Example The boundaries between home and work are blurring. Today, workers want more flexibility and mobility as compared to the previous years. The increase in the Web 2.0 tools at the workplaces is contributing to the erosion of boundaries between social and work life. The technological developments, web presence and the social media are considered as the major factors contributing to the blurring boundaries between work and home. Adnerson argues that difficulty in managing work-home balance is increasing divorce rate because when couple experiences difficulties in managing their roles, they start confusion over changing gender roles which create problems between them. Actually individuals have different roles which they perform in the society. In the context of an organisation, the roles of individuals at workplace and home are of special interest. Edwards, R. J. and Rothbard (2002) argue that a dramatic increase has been seen in the research devoted to study the association between work a nd family life and a number of linking mechanisms have been also suggested to explain the nature of the relationship between work and family roles of an individual. Organisations have adopted various mechanisms to reconfigure the work and home roles, so that employees could be better able to achieve the balance. Boundaries between work and home have become significantly important because of the changing work patterns and organisational behaviour. Greenhaus and Singh have highlighted few major links which are usually parallel to work-home boundaries. These conflicts include conflict, accommodation, enrichment, compensation and segmentation. Work-family conflict is the incompatibility between the work roles and home roles and it may be because of the pressures from either of the domain. Work-family accommodation as defined by Lambert (1990, cited in Greenhaus and Singh, 2003) is the process through which people try to reduce their participation in one role to fulfil the demands of the other role. Work-family compensation as defined by Lambert (1990) and Zedeck (1992, cited in Greenhaus and Singh, 2003) is the attempt to seek satisfaction from one role by offsetting the dissatisfaction in other role. Another mechanism that links work and home is the work-family enrichment, in which roles of ind ividuals in one role support the role of individuals in the other role. Finally work-home segmentation separates the roles of individuals at work and home and it advocates that integrating the roles can create conflicts. Therefore, work and home roles are strongly linked with each other. Managing boundaries have become important for the companies because organisations seek to achieve maximum employee productivity and it is only possible of employees play their role more effectively and efficiently. All individuals have transitions in their roles of home, work and other places and the transitions are the boundary-crossing activities where one performs roles and enters and exists (Ashforth, Kreiner and Fugate, 2000). Ashforth, Kreiner and Fugate have considered these roles to be arrayed on a continuum which spans from high segmentation to high integration. Actually, Ashfort and his colleagues have argued that roles can be broadly categorised into two major groups. When the segmentatio n between roles is significant, the boundaries blur and the magnitude of change increases, thereby, making the boundary crossing more difficult. On the other hand, when the roles integration is significant, t

ARE HERBAL REMEDIES SAFE AND EFFECTIVE Research Paper

ARE HERBAL REMEDIES SAFE AND EFFECTIVE - Research Paper Example A herbal remedy that relieves inflammation and pain called Chinese Thunder God Vine weakens the immune system. The remedy is famous in for causing osteoporosis. Most of the herbs are ineffective unless their maintenance is in small quantities such as nutmeg and its cooking properties. When the nutmeg herbal is in large quantities, it cause liver failure and can at times lead to death. Many types of herbal remedies line the shelves of health food stores and pharmacies. Most people consider that any drug having the label â€Å"natural† as effective and safe. Herbal remedies have been in existence for a long time. Some of the remedies, even those carrying the natural label, can have serious and powerful negative drug effects in the body. The FDA regulates herbal supplements though not in the same manner it does with medicine of food. Herbal remedies form part of the dietary supplements. Regulations that apply to dietary supplements are not strict as those of drugs and food. Manufacturers of herbal drugs, for example, do no need the approval of the FDA before availing them to the markets. When the herbal remedy gets to the market, it is the duty of FDA to ensure its safety. FDA, however, lacks the capacity and funding to check the standards of the many new drugs. When FDA finds an herbal remedy that is not safe, it issues some requirements or orders to the distributor or manufacturer to remove it from the market (Harte 2-3). Soy provides dietary phytoestrogens that possess weak estrogenic activities. The soy herb treats menopausal symptoms and reduces the levels of cholesterol in the body. A review on the Soy’s effectiveness was done on nine clinical trials to examine the impacts of increasing dietary soy. Nine more trials were done to determine the efficiency of Soy extracts. The review gave a conclusion that neither Soy extracts nor increased Soy

Organisational Structure, Boundaries and Space Essay

Organisational Structure, Boundaries and Space - Essay Example The boundaries between home and work are blurring. Today, workers want more flexibility and mobility as compared to the previous years. The increase in the Web 2.0 tools at the workplaces is contributing to the erosion of boundaries between social and work life. The technological developments, web presence and the social media are considered as the major factors contributing to the blurring boundaries between work and home. Adnerson argues that difficulty in managing work-home balance is increasing divorce rate because when couple experiences difficulties in managing their roles, they start confusion over changing gender roles which create problems between them. Actually individuals have different roles which they perform in the society. In the context of an organisation, the roles of individuals at workplace and home are of special interest. Edwards, R. J. and Rothbard (2002) argue that a dramatic increase has been seen in the research devoted to study the association between work a nd family life and a number of linking mechanisms have been also suggested to explain the nature of the relationship between work and family roles of an individual. Organisations have adopted various mechanisms to reconfigure the work and home roles, so that employees could be better able to achieve the balance. Boundaries between work and home have become significantly important because of the changing work patterns and organisational behaviour. Greenhaus and Singh have highlighted few major links which are usually parallel to work-home boundaries. These conflicts include conflict, accommodation, enrichment, compensation and segmentation. Work-family conflict is the incompatibility between the work roles and home roles and it may be because of the pressures from either of the domain. Work-family accommodation as defined by Lambert (1990, cited in Greenhaus and Singh, 2003) is the process through which people try to reduce their participation in one role to fulfil the demands of the other role. Work-family compensation as defined by Lambert (1990) and Zedeck (1992, cited in Greenhaus and Singh, 2003) is the attempt to seek satisfaction from one role by offsetting the dissatisfaction in other role. Another mechanism that links work and home is the work-family enrichment, in which roles of ind ividuals in one role support the role of individuals in the other role. Finally work-home segmentation separates the roles of individuals at work and home and it advocates that integrating the roles can create conflicts. Therefore, work and home roles are strongly linked with each other. Managing boundaries have become important for the companies because organisations seek to achieve maximum employee productivity and it is only possible of employees play their role more effectively and efficiently. All individuals have transitions in their roles of home, work and other places and the transitions are the boundary-crossing activities where one performs roles and enters and exists (Ashforth, Kreiner and Fugate, 2000). Ashforth, Kreiner and Fugate have considered these roles to be arrayed on a continuum which spans from high segmentation to high integration. Actually, Ashfort and his colleagues have argued that roles can be broadly categorised into two major groups. When the segmentatio n between roles is significant, the boundaries blur and the magnitude of change increases, thereby, making the boundary crossing more difficult. On the other hand, when the roles integration is significant, t

Bluetooth technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bluetooth technology - Essay Example For example, through Bluetooth technology, one is able to talk on a mobile phone via a wireless headset, update an appointment on a friend’s PDA calendar from personal PDA or operate a computer via a wireless keyboard. Bluetooth enabled devices are equipped with their own complete software framework and protocol stack that enable them to disseminate data to other devices within a close range (Minoli 308). History of Bluetooth Technology The origin of Bluetooth can be traced to 1998 when the Bluetooth Interest Group (SIG) was created and Bluetooth adopted as the official name of the resulting technology. In 1999, Bluetooth Specification 1.0 was released leading to declaration of Bluetooth as the Best of Show Technology by COMDEX (Minoli 308). Shortly after in the year 2000, the first Bluetooth enabled mobile phone, PC card, headset, laptop, and mouse as well as USB dongle prototype were launched at COMDEX. The following year, the Bluetooth SIG Inc was established and followed i mmediately with the launch of the first hands-free Bluetooth enabled car kit. This was followed by the launch of the first Bluetooth enabled digital camera and the first GPS receiver in 2002. In the same year, the IEEE (Palanivelu and Nakkeeran 180) approved 802.15.1 specification for Bluetooth. The first Bluetooth based MP3 was unveiled in 2003, the same year when the FDA gave the green light for Bluetooth controlled medical system. The Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) was adopted in by the SIG Inc, in 2004 alongside 250 million Bluetooth embedded devices and stereo headphones. The greatest breakthrough came in 2006 when Bluetooth was installed in over one billion devices. Contemporary research focuses on employing the advantages of the Bluetooth technology in the healthcare domain, whereby individuals will be able to rely on Bluetooth enabled wireless devices to keep track of their body temperature, metabolism rate and pressure count (Palanivelu and Nakkeeran 180). These devices will thro ugh Bluetooth transmission collect important health information from patients then share them with a doctor through a PC or a cellular phone. Goals of the Bluetooth Technology Bluetooth technology was intended to provide solution to the problems inherent in infrared systems that was already in use in most television remote sensing control systems. While infrared is reliable and fairly less costly, the devices rely on line of sight technology requiring the receiver device to be within a pointing range (Palanivelu and Nakkeeran 181). This means that infrared cannot be used across walls or to control devices in different rooms even if they are all within a sensing range. There was therefore need for a wireless technology that could be relied on to operate several devices simultaneously in the absence of line of sight, which made Bluetooth more appropriate. Additionally, the Bluetooth technology was the most ideal technology that would provide wireless interactivity/connectivity between two paired devices at low frequency and with minimum interference (Palanivelu and Nakkeeran 181). Other significant goals for devising the technology included managing cross device communication at low power, low cost and dynamic networking for mobile devices How Bluetooth Works Bluetooth networking system transmits data through low power radio waves, enabling communication at a remote frequency of about 2.45gigahert. The low frequency

Oedipus and the Sphinx Essay Example for Free

Oedipus and the Sphinx Essay Know Thyself is sage advice. All Things in Moderation is also a wise saying. King Oedipus, subject of the most tragic story ever written, brought about his own downfall because of his excessive obsession to know himself. And, try as he might, the more he tried to escape his tragic Fate, the closer it got Thus, some say that the moral of the story is, Even if you try to thwart your destiny, you wont succeed. The concept of predestination plays a large role here. For example, if the gods know what will happen, and events are pre-ordained, how can people make free choices or have any semblance of free will? If the gods put challenges in our way that we fail to rise to, are we responsible for the consequences? Would knowing the future, as Oedipus does, cause us to act or behave any differently? The ancient scribe Sophocles wrote Oedipus the King (between 441-427 B.C.E.) for the annual festival where playwrights competed for prizes. These festivals were major civic occasions, with attendance expected of all noted writers. In his play Sophocles goes out of his way to present Oedipus as an extremely capable, beloved ruler. It should be noted that Sophocles never suggests that Oedipus has brought his destiny on himself by any ungodly pride (hubris) or tragic flaw (hamartia), common themes in Greek tragedies. Sophocles also makes a special effort to explain that Oedipus killed King Laius in self-defense, and a major theme in the tragic play is whether one can believe in oracles and seers. The title of the play, from which is derived the story, is often given in its Latin translation (Oedipus Rex), rather than in its original Greek (Oedipus Tyranneus), since the Greek term for king is the English tyrant, which means a monarch who rules without the consent of the people. THE TRAGEDY BEGINS Laius and his wife Jocasta (or Iocasta) were King and Queen of Thebes, a prosperous and famous city state in ancient Greece. King Laius, as many people did those days, consulted Apollos revered oracle of Delphi for advice and to find out what the future held for him. What the oracle announced shocked the royal couple The Delphic oracle said that the Kings son would grow up and kill him! To make matters worse, it was prophesized that the son would marry his mother and produce offspring by her. King Laius and Queen Jocasta were understandably aghast! A short time later Queen Jocasta became pregnant and gave birth to a darling little baby boy. Remembering with fear the oracle of Delphis words, the royal couple of Thebes had the infants feet pierced and tied together thats the meaning of the name Oedipus, swollen feet. (Myth Mans note: this mythical detail makes no sense. It must have been introduced to explain the heros name. (Hold everything, I stand corrected. Here is an informative note sent by reader Adam Johnston on July 1, 2011.) Hey there, Just thought Id let you know that the pointless mythical detail about Oedipus feet being pierced and tied together actually has dual function. It was to ensure that the baby would not survive when exposed to the wilderness. But, more importantly, it is a detail that helps him decipher the answer to the sphinxs riddle later in life. He is a crippled man who walks with a cane, and scholars see this as the assistance he needed to understand the part of the riddle regarding the 3 legs. Just thought you should know! ~Adam (Many thanks to Adam for taking time to bring this to my attention.) Laius and Jocasta knew that their baby son had to be destroyed, but they didnt have the heart to do so themselves. They instructed their most trusted slave to expose the hapless baby on Mount Cithaeron, a wild and beast-filled place where the infant surely would perish. In those days, it was usual to leave an unwanted or defective baby in the wilderness. However, the slave glanced down at the innocent child and took pity on it. Knowing that the royal couple of the nearby city state of Corinth was childless, and desperately desired a son, the slave left the crying infant, its feet still pierced and bound by a pin, in a place sure to be found. Sure enough, a kindly shepherd discovered the baby and brought the foundling for adoption to King Polibus and Queen Merope of Corinth. Oedipus was raised as a son by Polibus and Merope and grew to be a handsome, clever and brave young man, even though he walked with a slight limp from the wounds he suffered when his real parents pierced his feet. One day, while playing with his adolescent friends, he got into an argument with them. They insisted, as mean children sometimes do, that he was a fake son, and not the real child of Polibus and Merope. When Oedipus confronted his parents about this, they denied that he was adopted and swore that he was their legitimate child. They told Oedipus to forget what the mean kids had said, but now he was intrigued. To discover the truth for himself, Oedipus journeyed to Delphi and asked of the oracle, Who am I? The oracle, cryptic as always, replied: You are the man who will kill his father and breed children by his mother. Confused and devastated, the young man started to head back home. Nearing the crossroad, Oedipus decided never to return to Corinth and go to Thebes instead. He dearly loved his parents and thought that by never returning home he would keep them safe and thus overcome his Fate according to Apollos oracle. As he was approaching the crossroad between Delphi, Thebes and Corinth, distraught and deep in thought, Oedipus came upon an old man in a chariot, escorted by a few attendants. It was a narrow passage between two rocks and hard to navigate safely. The crabby old man in the chariot shouted: Get lost! Go away! Get off this road!, striking Oedipus with his long scepter. Adding further injury, the rude, regal old man ran over the young mans sore foot with his chariot wheel. Oedipus angrily grabbed the staff from his tormentors hands and hit him on the head, killing the old man. The same fate befell the attendants, who tried to attack and arrest Oedipus he valiantly fought and killed them too, save for one servant, who ran away in panic when the battle broke out. Hey, he just wanted to cross the narrow passage, thats all! Besides, Oedipus was simply defending himself, and he got there first! Little did Oedipus suspect that the old man he had just slain was his own father, and that the first part of the oracles prophecy had come true

Research on Effects of Sibling Birth on Jealousy

Research on Effects of Sibling Birth on Jealousy The Birth of a Sibling: Companion or Competition? Samantha A. Sang Sibling relationships that develop a balance of nurturance and conflict can provide numerous learning opportunities for young children (Volling, McElwain, Miller, 2002). For instance, children can learn other’s perspectives, learn different strategies to resolve conflict, as well as learn to regulate their own emotions. Specifically, younger siblings who experience a balance of nurturance and conflict in their sibling relationships have been found to be more socially skilled and have more positive peer relationships compared with children who lack the sibling experience (Volling et al., 2002).Thus, it is not the absence of conflict rather how conflict is resolved that benefits the quality of a sibling relationship. Sibling conflict refers to the â€Å"unique interpersonal dyadic dynamics of sibling interactions, which may be motivated by, but not synonymous with sibling jealousy† (Volling et. al., 2002). It is well-known that parents cannot attend and respond to both c hildrens needs at all times; thus, jealousy could very well be a normal, perhaps daily, experience for young children. Older siblings are often thought of as â€Å"leaders, managers, and teachers† of their younger siblings during critical periods of development (e.g., preschool, middle-childhood; Kolak, Volling, 2011). Moreover, older siblings are the more dominant person in the sibling relationship and can exert more influence on the sibling relationship throughout childhood. Previous research has shown that older siblings’ behavior toward their younger siblings is more stable from preschool through middle childhood than younger siblings’ behavior toward their older siblings (Kolak, Volling, 2011). This stability, along with the more dominant role of older siblings, may explain why older siblings’ jealousy reactions are stronger predictors of the sibling relationship quality many years later (Kolak, Volling, 2011). Sibling Jealousy Jealousy is a complex social emotion. Complex because it is not simply a single emotional expression, but rather a patterned response of emotional affect, behavior, and cognitive appraisal (Volling, Yu, Gonzalez, Kennedy, Rosenberg, Oh, 2014). Intense debates have occurred among scholars in regards to the distinction between jealousy and envy; whether jealousy is a simple, complex, or blended emotion; and whether it is caused by threats to self-esteem or threats to a valued relationship (White and Mullen, 1989). Although different perspective exist, it is pivotal to understand that jealousy cannot be defined nor understood without reference to a social context (Volling, McElwain, Miller, 2002). Specifically, jealousy occurs in the context of a social triangle (White and Mullen, 1989). There are three dyadic relationships within the triangle in addition to the triadic relationship system: (a) the relationship between the jealous individual and the beloved, (b) the relationship between the beloved and the rival, and (c) the relationship between the jealous individual and the rival (White Mullen, 1989). In order to elicit jealousy, the relationship between the jealous person and the beloved must be a valued close relationship (e.g., mother-child). Furthermore, jealousy is elicited by the real or perceived loss of this relationship to a rival. It is not simply the loss of love that elicits jealousy; it is the loss of attention from the beloved to a rival (White Mullen, 1989). Hupka (1984) has shown that individuals in jealousy eliciting situations can feel a range of emotions including fear, anger, or even relief, depending on the individuals focus of attention with respect to the social triangle. For example, if individuals focus on the loss of the relationship, sadness may be reported; whereas, if individuals focus on the betrayal of their beloved, anger may be reported; and lastly, if individuals focus on being left alone, anxiety or fear may be reported (Hupka, 1984). Birth of a Sibling Elicits Sibling Jealousy The birth of a sibling can be a stressful life event for young children; consequently, firstborn children are likely to experience jealousy at the arrival of their infant sibling (Volling et. al., 2014). Past research indicates that young children are sensitive to the loss of attention to another. First, toddler and preschool children were aware of the interactions occurring between their mother and their sibling and often times, would try to disrupt the ongoing interaction (Dunn, 1988). Second, studies that addressed childhood jealousy have demonstrated that children as young as 1 year of age were sensitive to maternal attention directed toward an infant-size doll, a newborn infant or an unfamiliar peer (Volling et. al., 2002). So, it is not surprising that young children are aware of the loss of attention when a parent turns his or her attention from them and interacts with their infant sibling and this awareness elicits jealousy (Volling et. al., 2002). Jealousy can differ for individuals depending on their cognitive appraisal of the jealousy eliciting situation when they believe their relationship with their beloved is threatened by the rival (Kolak Volling, 2011). For instance, a child may appraise the infant sibling as a threat to their own mother-child relationship, feel anxious, and interfere in the mother–infant interaction, or a child may appraise their mother as inaccessible, feel sadness, and withdraw from the mother-infant interaction. The firstborn’s jealousy toward their infant sibling can impact their sibling relationship quality later in development. Children’s initial reactions three weeks after their sibling’s birth predicted their behavior with their mother and sibling at 14 months (Kendrick Dunn, 1982). For instance, children who were demanding and difficult shortly after their sibling’s birth protested the mother–sibling interaction more compared to children who positively approached their infant sibling (Kendrick Dunn, 1982). Moreover, children who were initially withdrawn were more likely to develop poor sibling relationships over time (Kendrick Dunn, 1982). Attachment as a Potential Moderator The Strange Situation (SS) is â€Å"a videotaped laboratory based procedure that consists of seven three-minute episodes including two parent–child separations and reunions† (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, Wall, 1978). Individual differences in infants’ attachment relationships can be classified as secure or insecure. Attachment classifications are based on the child’s ability to balance proximity and exploration and to obtain comfort when distressed from their mother (Ainsworth et. al., 1978). Not only do physical separations from mothers in the SS activate attachment behaviors, but so too does the child’s appraisal of their mother’s accessibility when caring for their infant sibling. The birth of a sibling may create disruptions in the relationship between the mother and her firstborn child that can lead to instability in their attachment relationship (Touris, Kromelow, Harding, 1995). Bowlby (1969) acknowledged that for most young children, â€Å"the mere sight of mother holding another baby in her arms is enough to elicit strong attachment behavior†. So, it is understandable that many of the behaviors associated with jealousy (e.g., clinging, touching, proximity seeking, and distress) are also attachment behaviors (Volling et. al., 2014). From an attachment perspective, children who have a secure attachment to their mother should explore freely, even when their mother is interacting with their infant sibling. They may monitor their mother’s whereabouts or the mother-infant interactions, but they should not disrupt the interaction. Whereas, insecurely attached children will cry and protest in response to their mother’s interactions with the ir infant sibling. They will stay in close proximity to their mother and may even physically interfere with the mother-infant interactions (Volling et. al., 2014). If witnessing the mother–infant interaction adequately engages attachment behaviors, then individual differences in children’s jealousy may reflect their internal working models of their attachment relationship with their mothers. The quality of sibling interaction has been related to the mother-child attachment relationship. Children who were insecurely attached to their mothers at 12 months of age were more aggressive in their conflicts with their younger sibling when they were 6-years-old (Volling et. al., 2014). On the other hand, Teti and Ablard (1989) found that more secure preschoolers were significantly more likely to react to their younger sibling’s distress than less securely attached preschoolers. Emotion Regulation as a Potential Moderator Early attachment relationships play a primary role in the development of young children’s emotion regulation development (Volling, 2001). Children whose mothers are sensitive and consistent to their children’s needs not only develop secure attachments to their mothers, but are also thought to develop a greater capacity to share affect, to enjoy social interactions, to maintain organized behavior during an emotionally arousing event, and to display empathy for others (Volling, 2001). In contrast, children whose emotional needs are repeatedly rejected by their mothers are more likely to develop insecure attachments and are also more likely to develop poor regulatory strategies whereby they minimize attention to their attachment relationship and minimize their emotional expressiveness (Volling, 2001). These children may become physiologically aroused in the face of stress, but may also remain expressionless so that they do not risk further rejection and anger on the part o f the mother (Volling, 2001). Emotion regulation consists of the extrinsic and intrinsic processes responsible for monitoring, evaluating, and modifying emotional reactions, especially their intensive and temporal features, to accomplish ones goals† (Thompson, 1994). Even though this definition emphasizes both internal and external processes, Campos and colleagues (1994) revealed that past research that examines emotion regulation focuses on the internal processes and rarely considers the external factors that may contribute to emotion regulation. Studies investigating the process of emotion regulation should include â€Å"the social context that elicited the need for regulation in the first place and that specifies the rules of proper conduct† (Campos, 1994). Specifically because jealousy cannot be fully understood without reference to the social context, it is pivotal to examine children’s emotion regulation skills as a potential moderator between the birth of a sibling and firstborn’ s feelings of jealousy. Young children have several regulatory strategies that can be utilized in jealousy eliciting situations. Three possible regulatory strategies that might be used by toddler and preschool siblings when confronted with jealousy are (a) to interfere with the interaction between their mother and sibling, (b) to direct anger toward either their mother or sibling, and/or (c) to focus attention on alternative pleasurable activities (i.e., play; Volling et. al., 2014). Children who successfully cope to distress in jealousy eliciting situations engage in self-focused, exploratory play while monitoring the mother-infant interaction rather than protesting or physically interfering (Volling et. al., 2014). Firstborn children who were highly dysregulated during jealousy eliciting situations are at an increased risk for expressing more negative affect. Furthermore, children’s inability to regulate their jealousy may be suggestive of poor emotion regulation skills, which may, in turn, be detrimental to sibling relationship quality (Kolak Voling, 2011). In contrast, firstborn children who are better regulated (i.e. better able to regulate their jealousy) appear to have the essential emotion regulation skills for engaging positively with their siblings (Kolak Voling, 2011). Children’s ability to regulate emotions during jealousy eliciting situations is a critical component for successful relationships with their sibling (Kolak Voling, 2011). But, little is known about children’s ability to regulate emotions during jealousy eliciting situations and its impact on the quality of the sibling relationship later in development. The only support is from Kolak and Volling (2011) that found that jealousy and dysregulation is related to more troubled sibling interactions two years later. The Current Study The current study is a longitudinal design that will address three aims: (a) to examine if the birth of a sibling elicits jealousy in the firstborn child, (b) to examine if the firstborn’s jealousy of their infant sibling is related to their sibling relationship quality five years later, and finally, (c) to examine if the firstborn’s attachment and emotion regulation moderates the relationship between the birth of a sibling and jealousy (Figure 1). Prior research on the birth of a sibling has described some children as clingy, anxious-withdrawn, or oppositional after the birth (Volling et. al., 2014), so we hypothesized that (a) children who have a secure attachment with their mother before the birth of their sibling will not experience as much jealousy as insecurely attached children, and (b) children who demonstrate better emotion regulation skills will not experience as much jealousy as less emotionally regulated children. Due to individual differences, different pat terns of jealousy and its impact on sibling relationship quality will emerge five years later. References Ainsworth, M.D.S., Blehar, M.C., Waters, E., Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. New York, NY: Basic Books. Buist, K. L., Paalman, C. H., Branje, S. J. T., DekoviĆ¡, M., Reitz, E., Verhoeven, M., Meeus, W. H. J., Koot, H. M, Hale,William W., I.,II. (2014). Longitudinal effects of sibling relationship quality on adolescent problem behavior: A cross-ethnic comparison.Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology,20(2), 266-275. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0033675 Campos, J., Mumme, D. L., Kermoian, R., Campos, R.(1994). Commentary: A functionalist perspective on the nature of emotion. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2-3, Serial No. 240). Dunn, J. (1988). The beginnings of social understanding. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Hupka, R. B. (1984). Jealousy: Compound emotion or label for a particular situation? Motivation and Emotion, 8, 141-155. Kendrick, C., Dunn, J. (1982). Protest or pleasure? The response of first-born children to interactions between their mothers and infant siblings. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 23, 117-129. Kolak, A. M., Volling, B. L. (2011). Sibling jealousy in early childhood: longitudinal links to sibling relationship quality. Infant Child Development, 20(2), 213-226. doi:10.1002/icd.690 Teti, D. M., Ablard, K. E. (1989). Security of attachment and infant–sibling relationships: A laboratory study. Child Development, 60, 1519–1528. doi:10.2307/1130940 Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 59(2-3, Serial No. 240). Touris, M., Kromelow, S., Harding, C. (1995). Mother-firstborn attachment and the birth of a sibling.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,65(2), 293-297. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0079614 Volling, B. L. (2001). Early attachment relationships as predictors of preschool childrens emotion regulation with a distressed sibling.Early Education and Development,12(2), 185-207. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15566935eed1202_2 Volling, B. L., Yu, T., Gonzalez, R., Kennedy, D. E., Rosenberg, L., Oh, W. (2014). Children’s responses to mother–infant and father–infant interaction with a baby sibling: Jealousy or joy?Journal of Family Psychology,28(5), 634-644. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0037811 Volling, B. L., Yu, T., Gonzalez, R., Kennedy, D. E., Rosenberg, L., Oh, W. (2014). Children’s responses to mother–infant and father–infant interaction with a baby sibling: Jealousy or joy?Journal of Family Psychology,28(5), 634-644. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0037811 White, G. L., Mullen, P. E. (1989). Jealousy: Theory, research, and clinical strategies. New York: Guilford Press. Figure 1.

Impact of the Chinese Exclusion Act Essay -- Chinese Immigrants, Americ

Impact of the Chinese Exclusion Act â€Å"Many Chinese immigrants falsely claimed American citizenship during the exclusion era†¦I’ve considered this question†¦ever since I learned that my American last name was different, in spelling and meaning, from my Chinese last name†¦ What’s in a name?† said Karen Lew, a community anchor at the Museum of Chinese in America. She discovered that her ancestors were forced to change their last names during the Chinese Exclusion Act to prevent deportation. Most believe that the Chinese Exclusion Act was a mistake from the American government. The Chinese Exclusion Act had an impact on not only the Chinese, but also most Asians Americans’ lives. In the year of 1848, a significant amount of gold was discovered in Sutter’s Mill. The gold rush not only made Eastern American labors to come to the West, but also caused a large amount of people in China to immigrate over in hopes of a fortune (Tien, Kelly). â€Å"Chinese workers then were willing to take jobs that no one else really wants to do,† stated Munson Kwok, president of the LA chapter of the Chinese American Citizens Alliance (qtd. in Los Angeles Times). As stated in Menlo’s Sun Server, when the American economy became unstable during the Panic of 1873, labors thought that the "working and low-paid" Chinese were receiving more money than they should, therefore reducing the non-Chinese workers’ wages. The Chinese eventually became scapegoats for the economic downfall, and the non-Chinese workers started propaganda against the Chinese, making cartoons and slogans like â€Å"Mark the man who would crush us to the level of the Mongolian slave.â €  Immigration taxes and laundry-operation fees were passed to limit Chinese population (Menlo’s Sun Server). Ultimately, ... .... "Undergraduate Research Journal for the Human Sciences." Undergraduate Research Journal for the Human Sciences. University of Chicago, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. United States v. Wong Kim Ark. United States Reports 169. Northern District of California. 28 Mar. 1898. United States v. Wong Kim Ark - 169 U.S. 649 (1898). N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Feb. 2014. "UNITED STATES v. WONG KIM ARK." United States v. Wong Kim Ark. The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law, n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. Wing, Bob. "Crossing Race and Nationality: The Racial Formation of Asian Americans, 1852-1965." Monthly Review 7 (2005): 1. ELibrary. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. Wong, William. "The Citizenship of Wong Kim Ark." San Francisco Examiner 08 Apr. 1998, Second Edition ed., News sec.: A-19. Print. Yokoi, Iris. "CHINATOWN Exclusion Law's Effect Examined." Los Angeles Times 12 Dec. 1993: n. pag. Print.

What Affects the Rate of Reaction? :: Reaction Rates Energy Science Essays

What Affects the Rate of Reaction? Hypothesis To form a reaction the particles must collide in high speed. The faster the particles collide the more kinetic energy is produced. This produces a bigger reaction. There are five key variables that affect the rate of a reaction (in this case with a solid and a solution): * Change in temperature An increase in heat energy within the particles leads to more kinetic energy. Therefore there is more collision of particles and it increases the rate of the reaction. When we decrease the amount of heat energy, this will evidently slow down the reaction. For example we slow down the process of our food rotting by placing it in a fridge or a freezer. * Change in concentration The concentrations of acids are classed in molars, so 2m would quite a strong concentrated acid, 0.5m would be a very dilute weak acid and 1m would be in between the two. Also, the more concentrated the acid, the more particles it contains, so there is more of a chance for collisions. * Change of particle size Increasing the surface area of the particles would lead to more collision. We do this by making the particles smaller. For instance peeling a large potato would not take as long as peeling four small potatoes; this is because the smaller potatoes have a larger surface area for you to peel. * Pressure (for gases only) Increasing the pressure would bring particles closer together so there would be more of a chance for collision. * Catalyst A catalyst lowers the activation of energy required, consequently there being a faster reaction. The three variables we are choosing to show which effect the rate of reaction in our experiments are: * Particle size * Concentration * Temperature Pressure was inappropriate to use as a variable, because we were not using two gases and a catalyst was unsuitable to use for small tests like these. I think that the tests in changing the temperature will have the fastest times, as the hotter a solution is the more the particles will move and collide, thus the rate of carbon dioxide being produce will be faster. I also think that the large particles test will take the slowest amount of time because of the lack of surface area and the reverse will occur with the test with powered calcium carbonate. Plan We will be running a various number of experiments to prove what effects the rate of reaction with calcium carbonate (marble chips) and hydrochloric acid. The balanced equation for these reactants along with the products: Calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water 2 2 3 2

Private and Public Police

Private and Public 1. Relationship between Private and Public Police Lillie Johnson CJS 250 Gregg Herchek April 11, 2010 Private and Public 2. Abstract In my paper I will be discussing the relationship between private and public police, I will tell you how the conflict regard the definition of the public and private space and how it influence the relationship between the two, and I will tell you ways to maintain or improve the relationship between public and private police. Public and Private 3. In the relationship between private and public police, private police are different. Private officers do not work for us; but they do offer their services for corporations, they basically focus on the corporation that hired them. Private police has three times more than public police does. The private police care less about the due process, civil rights, and the public safety. â€Å"Private police dwells on the protection, immediate deterrence, and commercial enforcement†. Private Security and the Law, 2004). â€Å"Private police have become the most fast growing industries† (Zielinski, n. d. ). Businesses and corporations must hire their own private guards. Private police may be used in certain situations where the public police may have the skills to carry out the job. For example in New York, the private police from the agency went to a place and the private police paid for services, then they brought about affidavits explaining what they had do ne. After that was done then this was a cause focusing on the place to close. Being that these polices was not being honest and they did not represent themselves in the way they should have they was prosecuted for illegal acts. Public police are employed through local towns while private police works for companies. On the other hand, the public police are sometime charged with protecting the citizens and the cities and they have jurisdictions. Now you have a few public police that will overstep their bounds, but I believe only if they feel threaten, but if not then the headquarters are responsible to the public. In each city, public and private police has different ways of relating. Public police help members of communities to help bring about complaints against the private security, but I believe this is only done if something is done wrong. Public police was established back in colonial times and succeeded until the eighteen hundreds. The public police are considered local, state, or federal and their duties are the safety and welfare of the public. Private police has the right to carry a gun, and they also have the right to search and arrest anyone whom they feel has committed a crime†. (Cramer, 2010). Majority of the communities feel that the private police cares more about trying to please their employer than protecting the public, but I believe that they are only doing what they was trained to do. It is certain quality that only allows the private police to do so much. To the average citizens private officers looks like a real police but they do not have the powers to do what a r eal police do. Public police comes with a lot of work, they are trying to protect and serve. I do believe it is hard trying to keep criminals off the streets without enough of force; they can not be everywhere at one time. Private police has the same authority as the city police. Private and Public 4. Conclusions I believe ways to maintain or improve the relationship is to have public meetings where all the force are there and discuss the ways they are similar and how each of them have certain responsibilities. In the article from what I understand private and public police are presented with what is called, â€Å"us versus them† mentality and both are doing their best to protect us no matter if they are private or public police, they are doing what they was trained to do. I also believe that once the public and private police have their meetings they should have one for the community, listen to their views and become their friends and they will probably feel safe calling them if needed. Then the private and public police will know how and what to do to help the community, this to me I believe will help make more room for improvements. Public and Private 4. References Cramer, M. (2010). Police Lend Ear to Worried Tenants. The Boston Globe. Retrieved from Http://www. boston. com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2010/04/01/html Http://web-mit. edu/gtmarx/www/private. html Schneier, B. (2007). Schneier on Security. Retrieved from Http://www. schneier. com/private-police. html Zielinski, M. (n. d. ) Armed and Dangerous: Private Police on the March. Convert Action Quarterly. Retrieved from Http://mediafilter. org/caq/CAQ54p. police. html

Economics †Puerto Rico Essay

In this paper will identify, describe and production costs of the Company San Juan Cell Phones compares. In turn, the potential risks are identified in making management decisions. In addition, will analyze and assess what are the best ways to prevent negative consequences for the company. The term cost refers to the amount or representing a product or service according to investment in material, labor; training and time that you need to develop it. As you can see, the term is characteristic and central to economics as it is the point at which any part of trade or economic relationship between two parties. The cost is to be paid by those who want to receive a product or service to have it in his possession or under his control. Today, the cost of a product or service is expressed in most situations in terms of money or capital (which may itself vary currency according to the region or area in which the exchange takes place). However, in antiquity and long, humanity carried on their t rade and economic exchanges through the delivery of other items such as spices. The cost of the products is then provided to the equivalent cost for a given quantity of spice. Economic Costs According to McConnell & Brue (2008), Economic costs include all payments that must be received by resource owners to ensure a continued supply of needed resources to a particular line of production. Economic costs include explicit costs, which flow to resources owned and supplied by others, and implicit costs, which are payments for the use of self-owned and self-employed resources. One implicit cost is a normal profit to the entrepreneur. Economic profit occurs when total revenue exceeds total cost (= explicit costs + implicit costs, including a normal profit).  Differentiate between short-run costs and long run depending on use of whether variable or fixed productive factors. In Short-run costs: have fixed and variable inputs. Therefore, variable and fixed costs will be. Within the short-run costs are: Total Cost is the market value of all inputs used to produce a product. It has 2 components: fixed and variable costs: (1) is determined and unchanging value that is independent o f production volume, are those costs always exist e.g. rent, electricity, etc. (2) A Variable cost is a cost that is incurred depending on the volume of production, human cost (work) and commodities. (3) The marginal cost is the change experienced by the total cost when an additional unit increases production. Grows in contrast to the marginal productivity sense, if it grows, the marginal cost decreases. In Long-run costs: there are only variable costs. In the long run, firms have no fixed costs are all variables that the factors of production are thus the total cost, which is equal to the variable costs. The curves in the long-run costs, they say to each output, with the lowest cost that can be obtained, assuming all inputs vary. The curve means short-run costs will be tangent to the long-run average costs. The total long-run cost is equal to all the variable costs of the company. Some of the reasons why the average total cost curve to be increasing, stable or declining: (1) the means and long-run marginal costs, like a â€Å"u† because it produces income production. (2) When yields are constant output grows proportional / the increase factor, and average costs are constant. (3) When yields are rising, the long-term costs decrease. (4) When yields decrease long-term costs are rising. (5) Normally the company began taking increasing returns but as the situation is complicated diminishing appear. Overall yields are mixed. San Juan Cell Phone Scenario This scenario presented the actual dilemma of company San Juan Cell Phone in Puerto Rico. In this scenario the production manager need to analyze the potential risks, consequences positive or negative and possible solutions; of accepting the order of 100,000 units of cell phone of the company â€Å"Big Box† and accept or reject the external production of the cell by outsourcing, an external company called â€Å"Original Equipment Manufacturer†. In order to make a recommendation on what would be the best alternative for this scenario and to provide a solution that does not affect the company,  analysis and recommendations will be divided into phases. In the first phase will analyze the unit profitability report of San Juan Cell Phones, which is found in Table 1 in the statistical appendix of this document. This table shows that the company San Juan Cell Phones has a price per unit for the Alpha model for $ 20, of which the variable costs per unit are $8, fixed overhead s per unit are $ 9 and a profit per unit of $ 3. The company â€Å"Big Box† will not pay more than $ 15 per cell phone; which implies a loss of $ 5 dollars per unit price for San Juan Cell Phone. If we analyze the loss from the perspective of the total cost of production, San Juan Cell Phones would have a total loss of production of $200,000, even without adding that there was no profit from this production. This loss would lead to other serious problems to company profitability, which will be difficult to replenish in the short term because the equilibrium price in the market is $15. Therefore can notice an excess supply. San Juan Cell Phones must make a comprehensive analysis of their variable and fixed costs and trying to lower them to compete with the market price and maintain profitability. On the other hand, evaluating the offer that provides OEM to San Juan Cell Phones, where the price of production per unit is $14; we can see that San Juan Cell Phones could meet the production requested by Big Box and in turn obtain a profit of $100,000. This in turn allowing you to San Juan Cell Phone keeps the market equilibrium price of $ 15. Where the company can lower the current price per unit and maintain its excess demand in the market and maintain profitability. As part of this analysis shows that the grant to the outsourcing manufacturing, with the penalty would take to keep all their employees working and running the factory capacity. And therefore their bonus, which is based on the overall profitability of the company, is affected. Recommendations of best alternative solution In the second phase of this analysis will make the recommendations to follow to meet the expectations required by Bib Box, without loss of profitability, and to meet the value established by the company. Below the suggested recommendations: (1) Is to secure the order of 100,000 phones required by Bib Box. (2) Establish agreements with OEM outsourcing. In this agreement the Alpha prototype model and the quality of the prototype will be established, also limit the time of delivery and the amount of production is  settled. In turn, the price of $ 14 per unit, which is not negotiable, is settled. (3) Establish a plan for reengineering the organization structure, technology and the human factor in the production line of Alpha models as initial phase of the process. At a later stage the reengineering organization to another production line would be extended. Observe the appendix A: Guide for Strategic Planning and Organizational Reengineering. These recommendations are aimed to the San Juan Cell Phones company, can get the desired order to maintain profitability. In addition to be able to maintain its equilibrium price in the market, you can keep your excess demand, increase their volume of production and profits. In addition meet its corporate values ​​to provide its customers with high quality and exceed the expectations of them. Conclusion In the scenario presented the administrative task being viewed uncertain and challenging, as a number without variables, change and transformation is affecting it. It’s time for San Juan Cell Phones, perform an analysis of their strengths and limitations of your environment and make a formulation of strategic alternatives. This analysis will take the company to be more efficient and effective in meeting the needs of its consumers, taking into consideration an adaptability, a proactive character and flexibility to embrace change, in turn have a better interaction with new technologies and positive changes in the values ​​of corporate society attitude. Reference McConnell, C. R. & Brue, S. L. (2008). Economics: Principles, problems, and policies (17th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill/Irwin. Pugel, T. A. (2007). International economics (13th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill/Irwin. University of Phoenix. (2014). Student Resources. Retrieve from https://newclassroom3.phoenix.edu/Classroom/#/contextid/OSIRIS:46311129/context/co/view/activityDetails/activity/d547f818-bc95-4e40-b161-61f94462bdb7/expanded/False Statistical Appendix